Impervious Underground Membrane by FS PLASTIC DIAPHRAGM WALLS

Foundation Specialists, Inc.
General Building Contractor & General Engineering
PCAB Licence No.7437 AAAA
HALF CENTURY OF BUILDING COMPLEX & DURABLE INFRASTRUCTURES
NCR Office: Legaspi Towers 200,
107 Paseo De Roxas, Central Business District,
Makati City 1226, MM, Philippines
Phones: Landline +63-2-88-17-68-26 (PLDT)
Mobile +63-995-001-0698 (VIBER)
Mobile +63-920-639-3371 (SMART)
Website: https://foundation-specialists.com
contact : Click e-mail address
Pollution Control by Plastic Cut-Off Walls and Bottom Plugs
Slurry Walls, CUT-OFF WALL, CURTAIN WALL, are variation of the same basic technology and are all carried by FS
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Foundation Specialists.
Plastic Cut-Off Wall by Foundation Specialists
Definition of "Plastic Cut-Off Wall."
A "Plastic cut-off wall" is a deep-foundation technology, employed to form impervious, permanent, underground "diaphragm" (or barrier), to "seal off" certain underground areas and prevent passage of fluids [generally water],through it.
The use of the word "Plastic" is to describe the very nature of the diaphragm, barrier or membrane created with this technology, in fact the "Plastic Cut-Off wall" is made of a mix of bentonite, cement, water and other components, proportioned in such a way to remain indefinitely plastic (and impervious) with time.

The word "Cut-Off" is meant to define the specific purposes of this technology, i.e. to either stop the flow, to "Dam" the underground stream, or to surround and seal-off an area, to prevent water inflow and water outflow from the encircled area. For this technology, the medium employed to "Cut-Off" is the Plastic Wall, or Plastic Diaphragm that has the effect of completely sSurrounding Dumpsites and other Highly Pollting areas ith Plastic Cut-Offs is
SLURRY WALL, DIAPHRAGM WALL [ DW ], PLASTItopping the water flow at a chosen section of a river bed underlaid by [deep] alluvium, or sealing-off an area[tipically underlaid by alluvium], surrounding it, with a cut-off wall along the entire perimeter.

Applications of "plastic cut-off wall"

Plastic Cut-off Walls are used to provide a totally impervious underground diaphragm from the base of cofferdams to the lower end of the alluvium strata. Plastic Cut-off Walls are usually installed from the top of cofferdam, thus providing also an impervious core to the cofferdam, in addition to sealing the areas below it.

Plastic Cut-Off Walls are a very important medium for the protection of the environment, insofar as the bentonite-cement mix also called self-hardening mud, or cement stabilized bentonite mud, is an extremely stable material, unaffected by the leachates and contaminants produced by landfills.
Plastic Cut-Off walls are used to construct impervious barriers around old and new landfills to prevent leachates from contaminating the water table and the water streams around the landfill locations. For the purpose, the cut-off walls are installed to depths sufficient to eliminate the possibility of polluting streams and water table by escaping landfill leachates.

A very important application of Plastic Cut-Off Walls in areas with scarce rainfalls, shrinking water reservoirs, dwindling water tables, deep alluvium and large rivers' catching basins, is to close the underground outflow of water within the alluvial river bed, by forming an underground continuous "dam" perpendicular to the river longitudinal axis, resembling a vertical gate inserted through the river bed to close the underground water outflow.
Advantages of using Plastic Cut-Off Walls.
The advantages of using plastic cut-off walls as described above, are several, self hardening Bentonite-Cement mud are extremely stable chemically, are not affected by polluted and aggressive underground water.
By remaining indefinitely plastic in time, Plastic Cut-Off Walls can deform without cracks and fissures in response to the surrounding ground's settlements, thus remaining as impervious as it was built, throughout time.
Experienced Specialized Contractors can install Plastic Cut-Off Walls , totally impervious in any kind of alluvial formation, at a relatively fast pace.
Foundation specialists has expertly and successfully designed and installed Plastic Cut-Off Walls for over thirty years in the most diverse soil and hydro-geological conditions.

Plastic Diaphragm Walls

by Foundation Specialists, Inc.

Diaphragm Wall [ DW ] is a technology carried by Foundation Specialists.

Diaphragm Wall can be designed and executed as a reinforced concrete retaining structure, in which case it will also be called " Cast In Place Reinforced Concrete Diaphragm Wall ". Diaphragm wall is a "Top-Down Construction Technology" employed for Excavation Support in difficult soil conditions or whenever deep excavation has to be carried out in an environment where zero disturbance of the surroundings, including avoidance of water table lowering, and/or zero settlement of neighboring structures are a requirement.

Diaphragm Walls are put in place using a segmental installation technique, [Primary and secondary Diaphragm Wall Panels of predetermined dimensions, installed by following a proper sequence] purposely and specifically designed for each soil formation and particular site requirements, in order to avoid any disturbance and subsidence to the surrounding areas.

In cohesionless soil formations under the water-table, the segmental excavation of Diaphragm Wall is generally carried out using bentonite suspension as the drilling fluid, in order to balance the action of the water-table and to maintain the excavation of the Diaphragm Wall perfectly stable until each single " Panel " is cast with concrete.

Once all the segments or " Panels " of the DiaphragmWall are cast, they are connected at the top by a reinforced concrete continuous beam [ Coping ], after which, removal of soil on the excavation side can proceed, protected by the Diaphragm Wall.

The DiaphragmWall, depending upon depth of excavation and upon design loads to be applied on the " earth side " can be designed to act as a cantilever Diaphragm Wall or as an anchored DiaphragmWall, in this last case, soil or rock anchors shall be drilled, installed and generally post tensioned, at one or more levels of the DiaphragmWall (as per design), when excavation reaches the required elevations.

Diaphragm Walls are used as the perimeter structural walls of building basements: the DiaphragmWalls can be properly reinforced to act as the buildings' shear walls. Buildings' columns can be integrated within the Diaphragm Walls, dowell bars for any application can be attached to the DiaphragmWall reinforcing cage prior to installation and in situ casting. DiaphragmWall technology was used by Foundation Specialists to design and construct the Marginal Wharfs of the very large deep water port facilities of the National Steel Corporation.

Common DiaphragmWall application: large number of Deep Underground Parking Facilities and Deep Underground Building Basements, Steel Mills Pits, Underground Pumping Stations, have been built by Foundation Specialists using the

Top-Down Construction Sequence, by constructing Perimeter Walls, including Shear Walls and Columns with Diaphragm Wall Technology, prior to main deep excavation.

Diaphragm Wall is sometime called Slurry Wall.

An other type of DiaphragmWall carried by Foundation Specialists is a Technology called Cut-Off Wall or Self-Hardening Plastic Cut-off Wall .

The Cut-Off Wall is a continuous and impermeable Diaphragm Wall, generally made using a mix of Cement+Bentonite, designed to remain indefinitely, both sufficiently plastic in order to follow soil movement and deformation without cracking and totally impervious.

DiaphragmWall and Cut-Off Wall are employed whenever there is a requirement for isolating a source of pollution from the surrounding water table, e.g. around Sanitary Landfills or other source of polluting lechates.

DiaphragmWall technology is used in Dam Construction to achieve water--tightness in the soil or rock formations underlying the main dam or the cofferdams, whenever grout curtains alone can not guarantee the needed results, as in the case of Dams or Cofferdams with underlying karstic limestone formations.

DiapragmWall are employed to build river training walls, because Diaphragm Wall can be built sufficiently deeper than the maximum local scouring depth , thus assuring zero collapse chance for the river dykes due to under-scouring during heavy floods.

The Diaphragm Wall construction technology is also used to build deep continuous catching drains, when the deep trench is filled either with gravel or pervious concrete.

Barrettes or Barrette-piles, cast in place rectangular piles are a technology that uses the same equipment employed to execute the Diaphragm Wall.

DiaphragmWall equipment and technology are used also to execute special design Pile-Column for large loads in Top-Down construction schemes.

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ELIMINATION OF LIQUFACTION POTENTIAL FOR GRANULAR SOIL FORMATIONS with the presence of WATER TABLE. Structures built on bon cohesive, granular soil formation with water table, duriring seismic events are subject to liquefaction: when soil liquefaction occurs, structures resting on on liquefied soil lose temporarily ground support and collapse. Structures on Piled foundations designed with no provisions for liquefaction are also in danfer oc collapse during long enough seismic events causing liquefaction, because during liquefaction piles lose confinement, shallow piles with no sufficient embedment into NON-Liquefieble soil formations will for the duration of Soil Liquefaction, lose bearing capacity, and the structures on it will temporarilycompletely lose support, with consequent total collapse or heavy damages. Potential for Liquefaction will be annulled if the structures' foundations will be surrounded by continuous curtain of non liquefiable nature, such as a RC Diaphragn wall, Plastic Cut-Off Wall, Soil-Cement treatment creating a continuous curtain of deep-mixed Soil Cament extending leyond the depth of liquefiable strata, . .and even using s continuous , sufficiently deep diaphragm wall, Plastic DW, Cut-off wall, Soil Cement, all of which will prevent intrstitial water from suddenly being forced to surge by the violent shaking caused by the Seism, and cause the granular soil to become a Suspension, sudeenly and temporarily liquefying the soil and causing the loss of solid support for watever resting on it.

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